In 2019, Ontario adopted new hiring policies focused on merit and diversity rather than seniority. In Ontario, a provincial online learning platform called the Virtual Learning Environment allows teachers to share their own materials—or other teacher- or Ministry-created materials available within the VLE—with students. School is generally compulsory across Canada from ages 6 to 16; the exceptions are British Columbia, where the starting age is 5, and Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Ontario, where students are required to stay in school through age 18.
They collaborate with school staff to provide school-based supports, such as information sessions for immigrant families, and help connect families with out-of-school services as needed. Resources include mentors and advocates to ensure that students access education opportunities. In Ontario, the Education Quality and Accountability Office designs and implements annual student assessments for students in grades 3, 6, 9, and 10.
The three core competencies and two skill foundations are integrated into all subject areas. In 2016, Ontario revised the Social Studies and History curriculum to be more culturally responsive and increased support for education in Indigenous languages, and in 2019 added a new First Nations, Métis and Inuit Studies curriculum for grades 9–12. The curriculum is currently under review, and a new version of the mathematics curriculum that stresses a “back to basics” focus was implemented in the 2020–21 school year.
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The appeal has reportedly hit a technical snag regarding whether Alexander is independent of his parents. More than 150,000 children were sent to residential schools, which Canada’s first prime minister supported to, in his words, “sever children from the tribe” and “civilize” them. For much of the 20th century, the Canadian government supported that mission. Leona Wolf, who comes from the Muskowekwan reserve, was five years old when she says she was taken from her home in 1960.
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Having a strong safety net is critical for ensuring stronger educational outcomes, said Volante, because even when the programs help adults, the benefits affect children. “We shouldn’t divorce education policies from broader social protection and economic policies,” he said. The 13 provinces and territories create and implement their own policies for precollegiate education, even though there is a lot of sharing of curriculum and best practices.
“There is that understanding that there’s no hierarchy of languages; all languages are equal,” said Sandra Mills-Fisher, the program coordinator of the English-learner department in the Toronto school district. Woomert wants her students to see that they can contribute to the school, and not just feel they are being helped all the time. She asks them to create simple booklets, with a glossary and a ‘meet the author’ page and answer questions about topics that were unfamiliar to them before they moved to Canada, such as ‘What Is a Backpack? ’ and ‘ 放榜攻略 .’ Woomert prints the booklets on glossy paper and they become part of the library in her class.
British Columbia schools can provide additional locally developed, career-focused offerings. For instance, some schools may offer cooperative (co-op) education programs that can include coursework, career exploration, pre-employment training, skills enhancement, and work experience placements for credit toward graduation. In British Columbia, there is also an emphasis on inclusion of students with special needs in the mainstream education system. The basic allocation to each district factors in the costs of education for students with learning disabilities, students with mild intellectual disabilities, students requiring moderate behavior supports, and students who are gifted. Students with more severe disabilities, including those with severe physical handicaps, serious mental illness, autism, and those requiring intensive behavioral interventions, receive supplementary funding.